Ignacio Escañuela Romana.
Uno de los temas más debatidos es la diferencia entre sexo y género. Voy a resumir las posturas existentes y después voy a intentar dar un análisis personal desde la idea de derechos y obligaciones, justicia o sociedad justa.
Veamos:
- Conceptos. «Provisionally: ‘sex’ denotes human females and males depending on biological features (chromosomes, sex organs, hormones and other physical features); ‘gender’ denotes women and men depending on social factors (social role, position, behaviour or identity)» (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/).
- Noción de determinismo biológico: las diferencias biológicas entre hombres y mujeres se mantendrán, de cualquier modo. «More recently, differences in male and female brains have been said to explain behavioural differences; in particular, the anatomy of corpus callosum, a bundle of nerves that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres, is thought to be responsible for various psychological and behavioural differences» (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/)
- Diferencias biológicas. «The differences between male and female sexes are anatomical and physiological. “Sex” tends to relate to biological differences. For instance, male and female genitalia, both internal and external are different. Similarly, the levels and types of hormones present in male and female bodies are different. Genetic factors define the sex of an individual. Women have 46 chromosomes including two Xs and men have 46 including an X and a Y. The Y chromosome is dominant and carries the signal for the embryo to begin growing testes. Both men and women have testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. However, women have higher levels of estrogen and progesterone, and men have higher levels of testosterone» (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232363#sex-differences).
- El autismo. «about 15 percent of autistic adults in the Netherlands identify as trans or nonbinary; the percentage is higher among people assigned female at birth than among people assigned male, a trend seen in other studies2. By contrast, less than 5 percent of adults in the Netherlands’ general population have an identity other than cisgender3. And in a 2018 study in the United States, 6.5 percent of autistic adolescents and 11.4 percent of autistic adults said they wished to be the gender opposite of what they had been assigned at birth, compared with just 3 to 5 percent of the general population4. This study also found that, on two measures of autism traits, higher scores were associated with a higher likelihood of gender diversity. A 2019 study found a similar association in children who are not diagnosed with autism5.Similarly, autism appears to be more prevalent among gender-diverse people than it is in the general population. A 2018 Australian survey of transgender adolescents and young adults found that 22.5 percent had been diagnosed with autism, compared with 2.5 percent of all Australians. Some experts estimate that 6 to 25.5 percent of gender-diverse people are autistic» (https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/gender-and-sexuality-in-autism-explained/). Las explicaciones varían: «Compared with neurotypical people, autistic people may be less influenced by social norms and so may present their internal selves more authentically. … It’s possible that autistic people may come to conclusions about their sexual identity differently than neurotypical people do… Biological factors may also play a role. Exposure levels to hormones such as testosterone in the womb may be linked to autism, some research shows; increased prenatal testosterone may also lead to more typically ‘male’ behaviors and to less common sexualities and gender identities, although there is some evidence against that link» (https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/gender-and-sexuality-in-autism-explained/).
- Concepto de género. «The World Health Organization (WHO) defines gender as:“Gender refers to the socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.” (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232363#gender-differences)
- Género en sentido de identidad individual. «Psychologists writing on transsexuality were the first to employ gender terminology in this sense. Until the 1960s, ‘gender’ was often used to refer to masculine and feminine words, like le and la in French. However, in order to explain why some people felt that they were ‘trapped in the wrong bodies’, the psychologist Robert Stoller (1968) began using the terms ‘sex’ to pick out biological traits and ‘gender’ to pick out the amount of femininity and masculinity a person exhibited» (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/).
- El concepto de sistema de género. «The phrase “sex/gender system,” or “sex/gender/sexuality system” was coined by Gayle Rubin (1984) to describe, “the set of arrangements by which a society transforms biological sexuality into products of human activity.” That is, Rubin proposed that the links between biological sex, social gender, and sexual attraction are products of culture» (http://openbooks.library.umass.edu/introwgss/chapter/the-sexgendersexuality-system/#:~:text=The%20phrase%20“sex%2Fgender%20system,social%20gender%2C%20and%20sexual%20attraction).
- La cuestión de la paternidad/ maternidad. «Chodorow thinks that these gender differences should and can be changed. Feminine and masculine personalities play a crucial role in women’s oppression since they make females overly attentive to the needs of others and males emotionally deficient. In order to correct the situation, both male and female parents should be equally involved in parenting (Chodorow 1995, 214)» (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/).
- Y religión. «It lamented “calls for public recognition of the right to choose one’s gender, and of a plurality of new types of unions, in direct contradiction of the model of marriage as being between one man and one woman, which is portrayed as a vestige of patriarchal societies.”The idea of gender moving along a spectrum was “nothing more than a confused concept of freedom in the realm of feelings and wants.” (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/10/world/europe/vatican-francis-gender-identity-sexuality.html).
- Y política: “Art.7 (1) In all education entities and institutions and all spaces that are assigned for education and professional training, including entities that provide extracurricular education, there are strictly forbidden:e) activities aimed at spreading gender identity theory or opinion, understood as the theory or opinion that gender is a concept that is different than the biological sex and the two are not always the same;… This prohibition profoundly goes against Romania’s Constitution and outlaws all teachers, professors, counselors, NGOs, trainers, doctors and social workers who discuss gender, gender identity, transgender issues.” (https://civicspacewatch.eu/romania-law-prohibiting-the-notion-of-gender-and-gender-identity-theory-in-romania/)
- Y deporte: «That sense of injustice is at the heart of the complaint Soule and two other girls filed with the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights in June arguing that their Title IX rights have been violated by a policy that they say pits girls against athletes who are biologically male despite their female gender identity. They contend the situation has robbed them of top finishes and possibly college scholarships. With the CIAC policy in play, Andraya Yearwood of Cromwell and Terry Miller of Bloomfield — transgender girls who are track and field athletes — have grabbed national headlines and multiple championships, with Miller shattering state records in recent years and winning the Hartford Courant’s girls’ indoor track and field athlete of the year award in 2019. Both athletes also won the state’s sportswriters’ “courage award.” Experts in girls’ sports and Title IX, the federal law that requires that women have equal access to sports, believe Soule and other cisgender athletes could have a valid complaint. They point out that both the NCAA and the Olympic Committee require transgender women to receive hormone treatment for at least a year and be tested for testosterone levels. The CIAC does not require either» (https://ctmirror.org/2019/07/22/transgender-issues-polarizes-womens-advocates-a-conundrum/).
Bueno, sexo es biológico, género es cultural. Admitamos estas definiciones, Toda polémica posterior creo que viene de dos fuentes:
1º Confundir ser y deber ser, lo que somos y lo que debemos ser, lo que somos y los derechos que poseemos. Y parto aquí de una concepción kantiana de los derechos: los posee todo ser humano por el hecho de serlo. No aplico una noción social, no considero que sea una concesión que nos hacemos.
2º Confundir lo que reclamamos con lo que podemos reclamar en el ámbito público: como derecho propio en el ámbito social. Lo que Habermas llamaría una razón en el debate público.
No entro en la cuestión de los orígenes biológicos o culturales de la identidad sexual o de la identidad de género. Eso es indiferente desde un punto de vista ético y de justicia. ME explico, el origen de mi práctica sexual o de mi identidad como persona no puede implicar ni más, ni menos, derechos y obligaciones de todo otro sujeto. Puedo hacer y ser lo que me plazca. mientras que no dañe los derechos de otras personas. Por ejemplo, no puedo ir contra el rechazo o el consentimiento negativo. No puedo tener relación con una persona no capaz de dar un consentimiento (menor, etc.). Por eso, todo eso es delito.
¿Tengo derecho a que la sociedad acepte mi identidad?. Por supuesto. Mi identidad es mía, socialmente no puede decirse que no, mientras los derechos de los demás sean garantizados. Como la identidad es personal, mientras no prive a los demás de derechos que forman parte de su dignidad, el problema se disuelve en ese reconocimiento que los demás no podemos más que hacer de todo lo que me constituye como persona.
Pasemos a la cuestión religiosa. Esta cuestión sólo atañe a quienes practican esa religión. No es una razón pública compartida. No entra en el debate público de una sociedad justa, porque la noción de justicia religiosa está fuera de lo compartido y aducible. En el pacto originario rawlsiano, ninguna persona podría aducir su creencia como base para derechos y obligaciones universales. No les quita su validez, pero la ciñe al ámbito privado y de grupo social.
¿Y el deporte?. Mi identidad y mis derechos no pueden privar a los demás de los suyos. Desconozco si tener un sexo biológico y una identidad de género diferente, o simplemente otra, hace que tenga mayores posibilidades de vencer en las competiciones. Supongamos que es así, que la diferencia entre sexo y género, en mi caso, implica una cierta ventaja. No puedo aducir mi identidad para participar, porque la ley deportiva lo que hace es nivelar el terreno de juego de los deportistas que compiten. Fija cómo todos los deportistas parten de una situación similar y entonces, debe ganar el más hábil y el que más entrenamiento lleva. Mi identidad no podría llevarme a no cumplir esa nivelación, porque entonces se impondría como derecho absoluto frente al de los otros. Ahora bien, ya lo he dicho, desconozco si la no coincidencia de sexo y género supone un potencial mayor rendimiento. Entiendo que esto debe aclararlo la ciencia.
[En este sentido, leer: https://iusport.com/art/109177/deporte-genero-y-testosterona-el-laudo-del-tas-en-el-caso-semenya . “Reglamento sobre la Elegibilidad para la Clasificación Femenina de Atletas con Diferencias de Desarrollo Sexual (DSD)”(“Eligibility Regulations for the Female Classification -Athletes with Differences of Sex Development»): «En el documento la IAAF declara que ha alcanzado dos certezas. La primera, que a partir de un estudio mucho más amplio que el anterior, ha logrado precisar aún más el nivel de Testosterona en hombres y mujeres: el de los hombres oscila entre 7,7 y 29,4 nmol/lt., mientras que en las mujeres ese rango parte de 0,06 y llega hasta 1,68 nmol/lt.
Y la segunda, más importante aún, que un nivel de Testosterona que supere el doble del máximo entre Mujeres, ya genera una ventaja competitiva muy significativa, especialmente comprobada en las carreras de pista entre los 400 y 1600 metros»]
Bueno esto es una visión personal. Por supuesto, puedo equivocarme. Es la apertura de un debate.
¿Estás de acuerdo o no?. ¿Bases para no estarlo?. Te invito al debate comentando esta entrada.